What is Gum Disease?

Gum disease, also referred to as gingivitis or periodontal disease, is a bacterial infection that affects the gums, underlying tissues, and bones that support your teeth. The term “periodontal” means “around the tooth,” highlighting the area impacted by this condition. If left untreated, gum disease can progress and eventually lead to tooth loss. In fact, the American Academy of Periodontology identifies it as the leading cause of tooth loss in adults over the age of 35.

Request an Appointment

How Gum Disease Develops

Plaque—a sticky film that naturally forms on your teeth—is the starting point of gum disease. Without proper brushing and flossing, plaque accumulates and allows bacteria to thrive. These bacteria release toxins that irritate and infect the gums. As the infection worsens, it damages the tissue and bone that keep your teeth securely in place.

The Two Main Stages of Gum Disease

Gingivitis: This is the earliest and mildest stage of gum disease. Symptoms include red, swollen gums that may bleed during brushing or flossing. Often painless, gingivitis can go unnoticed without regular dental checkups. The good news is that gingivitis is reversible with professional treatment and improved oral hygiene habits.
Periodontitis: If gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In this more severe stage, the gums begin to pull away from the teeth, forming pockets where bacteria can accumulate. As the infection deepens, it causes further damage to the bone and tissue. Teeth may become loose and, in advanced cases, may fall out or require extraction.

Common Signs of Gum Disease

Because gum disease often progresses without pain, recognizing early symptoms is crucial. Watch for:

  • Red or swollen gums
  • Tender or sensitive gums
  • Bleeding when brushing or flossing
  • Gum recession or pulling away from the teeth
  • Persistent bad breath
  • Loose or shifting teeth
  • Changes in bite alignment
  • Changes in how dentures fit

If you’re experiencing any of these signs, schedule an appointment with our office or your dental provider as soon as possible. Early detection and timely treatment are key to stopping the progression of gum disease and preserving your oral health.